FULL ISSUEInternational Journal of Business Dynamics and Management
Vol. 2, Issue 3 — 2026
12 Articles
· Published: Sep 5, 2026 · Academians Publishers
Article 1 of 12Kamya Murishidi, Kibuuka Muhammad, Muhammed Ngoma, Namungo Hamzah
Abstract
In the intensely competitive environment of private higher education, cultivating student loyalty and satisfaction is critical for institutional sustainability. This qualitative inquiry explores the intricate interplay of student commitment, loyalty initiatives, and digital marketing strategies in shaping student satisfaction within private chartered universities in Kampala, Uganda. Adopting a phenomenological research design, data were gathered through in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 11 students and 6 university administrators across five private universities. Thematic analysis yielded three salient themes: (1) The architecture of commitment, (2) The economic and psychological dimensions of loyalty programs, and (3) The digital dilemma. The findings indicate that while students exhibit robust affective and continuance commitment to their institutions, this commitment is largely contingent upon perceived institutional investment in career-relevant skill development and professional socialization. Loyalty programs are predominantly valued for their instrumental, financial benefits rather than symbolic recognition, with tuition fee reductions emerging as the most potent incentive. Digital marketing, while effective for transactional communication, is perceived as insufficient for cultivating the deep emotional bonds requisite for profound commitment and loyalty. The study concludes that student satisfaction in private universities is fundamentally derived from substantive institutional investments in student welfare and meritocratic recognition, with digital marketing assuming a supportive rather than a transformative role.
Keywords: Commitment, loyalty programs, student satisfaction, digital marketing, relationship marketing, qualitative research, private universities, Uganda
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Article 2 of 12Kamya Murishidi, Kibuuka Muhammad, Muhammed Ngoma, Namungo Hamzah
Abstract
This study investigates the relationship between trust building and student satisfaction within private charter universities in Kampala, Uganda, with a particular emphasis on the moderating role of electronic marketing. Employing a quantitative, cross-sectional survey design, data were collected from 323 third-year students across five universities. Analysis conducted using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) indicated that trust building exerts a significant positive influence on student satisfaction (β = 0.466, p < 0.001). Additionally, electronic marketing was found to significantly moderate this relationship (β = 0.085, p < 0.05), suggesting that effective digital marketing strategies enhance the positive effect of trust on satisfaction. This study contributes to the literature on relationship marketing by illustrating that electronic marketing functions as a conditional variable that fortifies the connection between trust and satisfaction. The findings imply that university administrators should integrate comprehensive trust-building initiatives with strategic electronic marketing to maximize student satisfaction outcomes.
Keywords: Trust Building, Student Satisfaction, Electronic Marketing, Relationship Marketing, Private Higher Education, Uganda, PLS-SEM.
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Article 3 of 12S Christopher Brown, Dr. R. Natarajan, Dr. V. S. Rajakrishnan
Abstract
Salt pan workers constitute one of the most vulnerable groups in the unorganized labour sector due to their continuous exposure to harsh environmental and occupational conditions. The present study entitled “A Study on Occupational Stress Management and Quality of Life among Salt Pan Workers in Vedaranyam” aims to assess the level of occupational stress and evaluate the quality of life of salt pan workers in the Vedaranyam region of Tamil Nadu. The study also examines the socio-economic profile of workers, identifies the major occupational and environmental factors contributing to stress, and analyses the relationship between occupational stress and quality of life. Primary data were collected from 127 salt pan workers using a structured interview schedule through the convenience sampling technique. The collected data were analysed using percentage analysis, Chi-square test, and Pearson’s correlation analysis. The findings reveal that the majority of respondents were male, middle-aged, married, possessed only primary-level education, and earned relatively low monthly incomes. Most workers had more than ten years of work experience and worked for 8–10 hours daily under extreme climatic conditions. The study found that a large proportion of respondents experienced moderate to high occupational stress due to excessive heat, heavy workload, low wages, inadequate medical facilities, and financial insecurity. The Chi-square test revealed no significant association between gender and occupational stress (p > 0.05). However, Pearson’s correlation analysis indicated a significant negative relationship between occupational stress and quality of life (r = -0.621, p < 0.01), showing that an increase in occupational stress leads to a decline in workers’ quality of life. The study concludes that improving workplace safety, providing adequate healthcare facilities, ensuring fair wages, implementing occupational welfare programmes, and strengthening social security measures are essential for reducing occupational stress and enhancing the quality of life of salt pan workers in Vedaranyam.
Keywords: Occupational Stress, Quality of Life, Salt Pan Workers, Vedaranyam , Occupational Health
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Article 4 of 12Aisha Najjuma, Friday Ogbu Edeh, Wandiba Augustine
Abstract
This study reviews the linkage between avoidance strategies and academic staff performance in chartered private Universities in Uganda. Based on empirical studies carried out in Ugandan private higher education institutions in the last decade, the paper synthesises the available evidence on the use of avoidance behaviour among the academic staff in tertiary institutions in response to work pressure, the impact of such behaviours on teaching effectiveness, the production of research and their overall professional performance. The review centers on four theoretical bases: Lazarus and Folkman's principles of Transactional Theory of Stress and Coping, Vroom's Expectancy Theory, the Self-Determination Theory, and Administrative Management Theory. The study finds that avoidance strategies are common among academic staff of private universities in Uganda, citing numerous reasons such as workload, low remuneration, centralised organisation, poor performance monitoring and lack of institutional support, among others. They are consistently linked with the decreased quality of instruction, lower production of research, lower job satisfaction and higher turnover intentions. The review determines that avoidance is identified as a short-term coping mechanism, but as time goes on, avoidance carries drawbacks for individual and institutional performance and is therefore considered to be maladaptive. Policy, practice and further research implications are presented.
Keywords: Avoidance strategy, academic staff performance, chartered private universities, Uganda, coping mechanisms, higher education
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Article 5 of 12Aisha Najjuma, Friday Ogbu Edeh & Wandiba Augustine
Abstract
Chartered private universities in Uganda stand out as one of the biggest changes in the country's higher education system over the past four decades. This expansion has provided a significant degree of extension in access to tertiary learning, but at the same time has raised new significant challenges around academic staff performance. This review examines large chunks of empirical evidence cited in recent investigative studies in Ugandan chartered private universities to look at the many factors that affect the strategy and performance of academic staff in these institutions. The review pinpoints 5 key compromising factors, namely rigid structures with too high a level of centralisation and bureaucratic control; poor and inconsistent performance monitoring systems; poor compensation, resource constraints; insufficient focus on demographic variations of qualifications, experience and gender; and poor-quality assurance systems. The review shows that the interaction of various structural, motivational and demographic factors revealed the complexity of the factors which can systematically limit the performance of academic staff based on Administrative Management Theory, Expectancy Theory, Human Capital Theory and Herzberg's Two Factor Theory. The review finds that changes to how things are done, in terms of governance, performance management and human resource processes is needed in the private university sector in Uganda to improve the situation.
Keywords: Compromising Strategy, Academic staff performance, chartered private universities, organizational structure, performance monitoring, Uganda higher education
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Article 6 of 12Lilian Asinai, Associate Professor Sunday Arthur, Enock Nyameyio Omweno, Friday Ogbu Edeh
Abstract
This study examined the effect of strategic risk management on service delivery in public water utilities, using the National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC) in the Kampala Metropolitan Region as a case study. Grounded in Agency Theory, the Resource-Based View, and the Balanced Scorecard Theory, the research employed a descriptive cross-sectional design with a mixed-methods approach. Data were collected from 481 respondents comprising NWSC managers and customers through structured questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. The findings revealed that strategic risk management is the strongest predictor of service delivery (β = 0.425, p < 0.001), explaining a substantial proportion of the variance in service delivery. The descriptive statistics demonstrated strong agreement among respondents, with an overall mean of 3.94 (SD = 0.88). The highest-rated item was "NWSC maintains reliable service delivery even amidst unexpected operational or external challenges" (M = 4.06, SD = 0.88), followed by "NWSC proactively identifies and communicates potential service risks before they cause major disruptions" (M = 3.99, SD = 0.86). However, the item "NWSC's operational policies and procedures result in consistent and professional service delivery to the public" (M = 3.81, SD = 0.87) received the lowest mean score, indicating a gap between macro-level risk management and consistent frontline service quality. The study concludes that strategic risk management constitutes a critical organizational capability through which public water utilities enhance resilience, protect strategic resources, and consistently deliver high-quality services. The findings provide empirical support for the integration of enterprise risk management into strategic planning and operational decision-making in public utilities.
Keywords: Strategic Risk Management, Enterprise Risk Management, Service Delivery, Public Water Utilities, Uganda, Agency Theory, Resource-Based View, Balanced Scorecard.
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Article 7 of 12Mugulusi Gideon, Kibuuka Muhammad, Bernard Ojonugwa Anthony, Gbatson Anjande, Kiweewa Emmanuel
Abstract
This paper addresses the relationship between industrial development and poverty reduction in Uganda, with HCE representing an index of the welfare improvement. ARDL estimations are used in analyzing the relationship between the change in poverty, determined by industrial output, industrial employment, agricultural development, population growth, FDI, domestic investment and industrial policy. Long-run findings suggest industrial output, industrial policy and domestic investment contribute to poverty reduction by increasing household consumption. However, while the former is significant, the latter two contribute with positive, though low, effects. There is a positive correlation coefficient for population growth which could possibly represent the demographic dividend. A strong positive relation between agriculture development and household consumption could not be established; however, this suggests that the welfare gains from agriculture are not distributed inclusively. FDI and industrial employment fail to become statistically significant in the long-run. In the short run, dynamics are fast in reaching long-run equilibrium, where about 79% is readjusted in a period. In this sense, it appears that industrial output, industrial employment, population growth and domestic investment are significantly contributing positively toward poverty alleviation. The influence of FDI and industrial policy are not statistically significant. Generally, industrialization, domestic investment and industrial policy have significant welfare improving roles while agriculture may not sufficiently integrate into industrial processes of poverty alleviation. With this information, the policy environment should focus more on efficient industrial policy implementation, encourage labour-intensive industrialization and increasing agriculture inclusiveness as well as raising domestic investment.
Keywords: Industrialization, Poverty Reduction, Household Consumption Expenditure, ARDL Model, Economic Growth
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Article 8 of 12MWOGEREZE RICHARD
Abstract
Conflict is commonly perceived as a negative phenomenon within organizations because of its association with tension, disagreement, reduced productivity, and strained interpersonal relationships. However, not all organizational conflicts are destructive. When appropriately managed, conflict can stimulate critical thinking, improve decision-making, promote accountability, encourage innovation, and strengthen organizational relationships. This study examined constructive conflicts within non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in Kamuli District, Uganda, with particular attention to how disagreements among employees, managers, and teams can contribute positively to organizational effectiveness. The study adopted a qualitative case-study approach to explore the experiences, perceptions, and management practices associated with constructive workplace conflict. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 32 participants (including executive directors, program managers, project officers, and finance staff) from four selected NGOs, two focus group discussions comprising 12 participants, and document review involving organizational policies and meeting minutes. The findings revealed that constructive conflict significantly enhanced the quality of organizational decisions by challenging assumptions, exposing weaknesses in proposed strategies, and creating opportunities for alternative solutions. Participants reported that disagreements regarding resource allocation, program implementation approaches, and accountability mechanisms frequently produced innovative solutions and strengthened organizational systems. The study further established that the outcome of conflict depends less on the existence of disagreement and more on how employees and leaders respond to it. Organizations characterized by psychological safety, respectful communication, participatory leadership, emotional maturity, and effective conflict-management mechanisms were more likely to transform disagreements into opportunities for learning and organizational development. The study contributes to conflict-management literature by challenging the assumption that organizational conflict is inherently dysfunctional and by demonstrating how constructive disagreement can become a resource for organizational growth in the NGO sector. The study recommends that NGO leaders should adopt conflict-transformation approaches, strengthen psychological safety, provide conflict-management training, and establish formal feedback mechanisms to harness the positive potential of workplace disagreements.
Keywords: Constructive conflict, organizational conflict, NGOs, conflict management, employee relations, organizational effectiveness, psychological safety, Kamuli District, Uganda
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Article 9 of 12Pranab Jyoti Phukon, Prof. Rajib Handique
Abstract
This paper argues that the decline of the Assam Cooperative Sugar Mill (A.Co.S.M.) Ltd. at Baruabamungaon cannot be explained simply as managerial or commercial failure. Established in the late 1950s as Northeast India’s pioneering large-scale cooperative manufacturing enterprise, the mill represented a post-independence attempt to connect small cultivators with industrial processing, reduce dependence on intermediaries, and promote regional redistribution. Yet the institutional arrangements that enabled its creation also contributed to its later weakness. Persistent capacity underutilization, low sugar recovery, raw-material shortages, obsolete technology, rising labour costs, infrastructure constraints, and liquidity crises interacted with excessive bureaucratic control and political intervention. This paper therefore advances two related arguments. First, the mill's commercial decline was structurally produced rather than caused by a single administrative failure. Second, financial weakness did not erase its wider developmental significance. The enterprise supported cultivators, provided industrial employment, stimulated transport and ancillary trade, and became a regional economic anchor. Its history consequently reveals a central contradiction of state-supported agro-industrial cooperatives: they were expected to remain commercially viable while simultaneously performing redistributive and welfare functions. The Baruabamungaon experience suggests that sustainable cooperation required state support for finance and infrastructure, but greater professional, technical, and cooperative autonomy in everyday management.
Keywords: Agro-Industrial Cooperatives, Distributive Justice, Capacity Underutilization, Capital Erosion, Regional Development Paradoxes
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Article 10 of 12Mwogereze Richard
Abstract
Workplace conflict is an inevitable feature of organizational life, particularly in organizations where employees perform interdependent tasks and work under resource, time, and performance pressures. However, while disagreement can sometimes stimulate reflection and problem-solving, destructive workplace conflict can undermine employee relationships, teamwork, organizational effectiveness, and service delivery. Employee cooperation provides an alternative approach through which employees can manage differences constructively while pursuing shared organizational objectives. This study examined the importance of employee cooperation over destructive workplace conflict in non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in Kamuli District, Uganda. The study adopted a qualitative case-study design involving four NGOs in Kamuli District. Twenty participants were purposively selected, comprising managers, supervisors, field workers, social workers, and community members, with five participants drawn from each NGO. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed thematically. The findings showed that 16 of the 20 participants (80%) identified employee cooperation as an important solution to destructive workplace conflict, while four participants (20%) did not identify cooperation as the primary solution. The dominant themes emerging from the study were cooperation as a mechanism for conflict prevention, improved communication, mutual support and teamwork, joint problem-solving, improved employee relationships, and enhanced organizational effectiveness. The findings suggest that cooperation enables employees to approach disagreements as shared organizational problems rather than personal battles. The study concludes that NGOs can reduce destructive workplace conflict by deliberately developing cultures of cooperation, participatory communication, mutual respect, constructive feedback, and collaborative problem-solving. The study contributes to conflict-resolution scholarship by conceptualizing employee cooperation not merely as a desirable organizational behaviour but as a practical conflict-prevention mechanism within NGOs in a Ugandan district context. The study recommends that NGO leaders should invest in team-building initiatives, establish open communication channels, provide conflict management training, and create policies that encourage cooperation and constructive feedback.
Keywords: Employee cooperation, workplace conflict, destructive conflict, NGOs, teamwork, conflict prevention, organizational effectiveness, Kamuli District, Uganda.
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Article 11 of 12Said Marwa, Odenyo Mary, Jude Bassey, Bernard Ojonugwa Anthony, Wabomba Kadili
Abstract
This study examined the short-run and long-run effects of tourists' source-country income, real effective exchange rate, and inflation on tourism demand in Tanzania. The study was guided primarily by the Tourism Destination Competitiveness (TDC) Theory developed by Crouch and Ritchie (1999) and advanced by Dwyer and Kim (2003), which explains tourism demand through the interaction of destination and economic conditions. A positivist philosophical approach and quantitative ex-post facto research design were adopted. The study used 120 observations of secondary time-series data and employed descriptive statistics, the Augmented Dickey-Fuller unit root test, the Variance Inflation Factor, ARDL bounds testing, ARDL estimation, and post-estimation diagnostic tests using EViews 13. The bounds test confirmed a significant long-run equilibrium relationship among the variables. Long-run results revealed that per capita income in China, the United States, and Canada positively and significantly influenced tourism demand, with elasticities of 2.714, 1.064, and 7.591, respectively. In the short run, income from all three source markets positively affected tourism demand, whereas the real effective exchange rate and inflation had significant negative effects. The error-correction coefficient of -0.865 indicated rapid adjustment toward long-run equilibrium. The study concludes that source-country income is the dominant economic driver of tourism demand in Tanzania, while exchange-rate movements and inflation constrain short-run demand. It recommends differentiated international marketing strategies, particularly targeting high-income and rapidly expanding source markets, alongside macroeconomic stability and competitive exchange-rate management to sustain tourism growth.
Keywords: Inflation, Income dynamics, Tanzania, Tourism Demand, Long run and short run
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Article 12 of 12Said Marwa, Odenyo Mary, Jude Bassey, Bernard Ojonugwa Anthony, Wabomba Kadili
Abstract
This study investigates the short-run and long-run effects of Real Effective Exchange Rate (REER) dynamics on international tourism demand in Tanzania. Guided by Tourism Destination Competitiveness Theory, Utility Theory, and Push–Pull Theory, the study examines whether exchange-rate competitiveness and tourists' purchasing power influence international tourist arrivals. A quantitative ex-post facto research design was employed using 120 annual observations of tourism demand, per capita income from China, the United States and Canada, and REER. Secondary time-series data were analysed using EViews 13. Descriptive statistics, Augmented Dickey-Fuller unit root tests, Variance Inflation Factor diagnostics, and the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds-testing approach were employed. The bounds test confirmed a stable long-run relationship among the variables, with the F-statistic of 6.853 exceeding the 1% upper-bound critical value. Long-run results revealed positive and statistically significant effects of per capita income from China, the United States and Canada on tourism demand, while REER had a negative but statistically insignificant effect. In the short run, however, REER exerted a negative and statistically significant effect, indicating that reduced price competitiveness can discourage international tourist arrivals. The error-correction coefficient was negative and significant, showing that approximately 86.5% of short-run disequilibrium is corrected within one period. The study concludes that exchange-rate competitiveness is particularly important in the short run, whereas source-market income is a stronger long-run determinant. It recommends macroeconomic stability, market-specific tourism promotion, flexible pricing, and strengthened destination competitiveness to sustain international tourism demand in Tanzania.
Keywords: International Tourism Demand, Real Effective Exchange Rate, Tanzania, Short Run, Long Run
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