Abstract
The relationship between civilian and military technology has always been complex, but the contemporary era presents unprecedented challenges. Advances in fundamental science—from thermodynamics to materials science to photonics—increasingly flow into both civilian and military applications, often in ways that are difficult to predict or control. This article examines the dual-use nature of emerging technologies through the lens of four domains: directed-energy systems, energetic materials, magnetohydrodynamic and nanofluid technologies, and thermodynamic principles underlying energy conversion. Drawing on recent research and policy developments, the analysis explores how scientific advances in these areas have simultaneously enabled civilian benefits and military capabilities, creating dilemmas for researchers, institutions, and governments. The article argues that traditional approaches to managing dual-use research—based on export controls, classification, and technology denial—are increasingly inadequate for a world in which knowledge flows freely and innovation is globally distributed. It proposes a more nuanced framework that acknowledges the inevitability of dual-use applications while seeking to steer research toward beneficial ends, promote transparency, and strengthen international norms. The analysis concludes with implications for research policy, ethical review, and international governance of emerging technologies.
Academians Publishers