Abstract: The goal of creating a unified theoretical biology, similar to the solid foundations seen in physics, is still one of the biggest challenges in life sciences. Because biological systems are so complex and variable, some doubt whether this is even possible. This paper looks at a major effort to address this challenge: the axiomatic system developed by Russian biologist Boris Mikhailovich Mednikov. We place Mednikov’s work in the larger history of searching for basic principles in biology and examine his five main axioms, which describe life as an energy-dependent process of maintaining and reproducing specific structures, with the genome at its core. We discuss the philosophical basis of his system, pointing out its strengths in connecting genetics, evolution, and development. We also consider its weaknesses, such as possible reductionism and how it handles adaptation. In the end, we argue that even if a fully formalized axiomatic biology is out of reach, Mednikov’s work offers a valuable framework that still sparks debate about the basic laws of living systems.