This research paper examines the multidimensional relationship between human capital, natural capital, institutional economics, and entrepreneurship in driving sustainable economic growth. Drawing on empirical evidence from Indonesia and China, this study challenges conventional neoclassical growth assumptions regarding perfect substitutability between natural and human-made capital. The findings reveal that human capital serves as the primary driver of quality economic growth, while natural capital provides essential but often undervalued services that cannot be fully substituted by manufactured or human capital. Using path analysis and coupling coordination models, the research demonstrates that sustainable economic growth requires four interconnected pillars: human capital, institutional quality, entrepreneurship, and social capital. The results indicate that developing economies experience a consistent gap between human capital accumulation and sustainable economic growth, with the latter lagging significantly behind. This paper proposes an integrated framework that recognizes complementarity rather than substitutability between natural and human capital, with implications for development policy in emerging economies. Policy recommendations emphasize investments in education, institutional integrity, entrepreneurial ecosystems, and natural capital preservation as mutually reinforcing strategies for sustainable development.