Antibiotics Susceptibility Profile of Microbes Associated with Naira Paper Currency in Circulation among Madonna University Students, Elele, Rivers State
Author(s):
Anele, B.C., Oyadiran, H.A., Nwachukwu, D.C., Okorite, George-West., Immanuel, O.M., 5Ire, F.S.
Journal:
Academians Journal of Natural and Biosciences Studies
Abstract
Daily transactions have exposed naira notes to pathogenic microbes on their surfaces, leading to contamination and the harbouring of possible infectious disease to the users. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the antibiotic susceptibility profile of microbes associated with Naira paper currency in circulation among Madonna University students in Elele, Rivers State, Nigeria. A total of forty (40) samples of both old and redesigned naira paper notes were collected from male and female students. Microbial analysis was done using standard procedures. Isolates were identified and characterised using biochemical methods. The antibiotic susceptibility tests of the isolates were evaluated using the disc diffusion method. The total heterotrophic bacterial counts for 1000, 500, 200, and 100 naira for old and redesigned paper notes ranged from 1.5 x 103 CFU/ml to 4.7 x 103 CFU/ml. Total fungal counts for 1000, 500, 200 and 100 naira old and redesigned samples ranged from 1.0 x 103 CFU/ml-2.8 x 103 CFU/ml. The bacterial and fungal genera identified and frequency of occurrence was Bacillus (31.3%), Escherichia coli (20.8%), Staphylococcus (16.7%), Streptococcus (12.5%), Micrococcus (10.4%), and Salmonella (8.3%). Aspergillus (33.3%), Penicillium (22.2%), Fusarium (16.7%), Mucor (16.7%), and Rhizopus (11.1%), respectively. Staphylococcus and Streptococcus were susceptible to chloramphenicol (22.0mm) and were more resistant to levofloxacin, rifampicin, and norfloxacin. Gram negative bacteria were susceptible to gentatmycin and more resistant to ampillicin and septrin, respectively. This study was able to reveal that naira paper notes, both old and redesigned, harbour potential pathogenic microorganisms that may be detrimental to the public's health. The study also revealed that the lower denomination had the highest microbial load. Therefore, there should be adequate personal hygiene in handling paper notes among the users.
Keywords:
Naira currency contamination, Antibiotic susceptibility, Microbial load, Paper currency microbiology, Public health risk, Bacterial isolates, Fungal isolates, Antimicrobial resistance