Analysis of Health, Safety, and Environment Status in Construction Workers, Dhaka Airport, Bangladesh

Abstract

The construction industry is recognized as one of the most hazardous occupational sectors with a high incidence of work-related injuries, illnesses, and fatalities. This study assesses the HSE status of construction workers engaged in development projects at Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport, Dhaka, Bangladesh. A cross-sectional mixed-method approach was employed, combining structured questionnaires, on-site safety observations, environmental measurements (noise, dust, and heat), and document reviews. The workforce is predominantly male (90.9%) and young, mostly aged 21-50 years. The health issues reported were musculoskeletal pain (38.6%), respiratory problems (27.3%), and headache/fatigue (18.2%). These conditions were mainly attributed to manual labor, prolonged exposure to dust, and insufficient rest periods. Only 60% of workers received formal safety training. PPE compliance is uneven; helmets and safety shoes are commonly used, but eye protection and reflective vests are underutilized. Cuts, bruises, and falls were the most frequently reported accidents. Half of the respondents reported no accidents, but underreporting cannot be ruled out. Noise levels in active zones often exceeded WHO limits, posing a risk of hearing loss. Dust levels (PM-2.5 and PM-10) in construction areas frequently exceeded DoE standards, exposing workers to respiratory hazards. Inconsistent housekeeping, poor scaffolding safety, and limited use of warning signage were noted. Safety management practices vary among contractors, indicating gaps in HSE enforcement. The study provides evidence- based recommendations to improve HSE performance, including targeted training programs, enhanced supervision, and stricter environmental control measures, thereby supporting safer, more sustainable airport construction operations in Bangladesh.