Utility Model for Improving Integrated Water Resources Management in Gombe State, Nigeria
Author(s):
Ishaku, Yusuf Aliyu1, Oksakei, Yadak Maibege2, Jacob-Oricha, Samuel Oluwatosin3, Bula, Benjamen Yunah4, Ajayi, Hope Temitope5, Prof. M. Waziri6
Journal:
International Journal of Advanced Agriculture and Research
Abstract
Water is a key driver of economic and social development without which a nation suffers set back in every aspect of endeavours. The study was to assessed the utility of 4Es model in improving integrated water resources management (IWRM) in Gombe State. The study adopted descriptive research design and water sector were used as the population of the study with questionnaire as the instrument for data collection and the data were analysed using descriptive and inferential method through the use of SPSS version 23 as a tool for data analysis. The study findings revealed that, utilisation of 4Es’ Model is adequate to catalyse improvement in Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) in Gombe State. However, based on the study objectives, it was concluded that, Poor co-ordination among most human resources in the water resources sector, process of formulation of framework for water management, and poor formulation of clear and detailed policies are the most management challenges of implementing integrated water resources management for water demand in Gombe State. The dimensions of 4Es’ model needed by water actors for improving water demand in Gombe State consist of enable/educate dimension through providing capacity and facilities for water supply, and train by providing skills to enhance water supply; engage/empower dimension through ensuring deliberative (planned) fora (environment) for efficient and effective use of water; encourage dimension through recognition/social pressure of water supply to be based on demand and users’ concentration in a point, reward scheme for those law-abiding water actors to improve water supply, and expenditure–grants be allocated for water actors in case of immediate operation and maintenance (O&M) of a particular facility; exemplify/enforce dimension through demonstration as others are acting in case of maintenance of traced leaked pipes and other water facilities, leading by example of water actors among end-users of water, and, consistency in policies guiding water supply and demand. 4Es model has a strong and positive effect on challenges of implementation of IWRM (r =0.76**, n = 121, p < 0.05), which signified that when 4Es Model is utilised in the water sector, challenges of implementing IWRM will be improved in Gombe State. Therefore, the study recommended that, Government and stakeholders should ensure the utilization of the utility Model to enhance water supply and demand in the water sector; the dimensions of 4E’s Model (educate, engage, encourage, and exemplify) should be properly utilized in the water sector as they remain very vital in the processes of the implementation to ensure water demand is met; implementation of IWRM involve both the government, stakeholders as well as the end-users (consumers), therefore, there must be an enabling environment to work in harmony with one another to ensure adequate operations and maintenance of water facilities in order to overcome the challenges of water demand by the consumers.
Keywords:
Global Water Scarcity, Nigeria Water Challenges, IWRM, IWRM Barriers, 4Es Model, 4Es-IWRM Utility, Theoretical Framework